Dement WC. Esoteric power, useless, useful: considerations about dreams in cognitive-behavioural therapy. If the animal is trying to identify the source of an odor that is located at a large distance, snout movements are expected to span wide angles at low frequencies, whereas when the source is near such movements are expected to span narrow angles, at high frequencies, just as during wakefulness. Baldissera F, Broggi G. An analysis of potential changes in the spinal cord during desynchronized sleep. This theory is supported by the fact that the body has decreased metabolism by up to 10% during sleep. 56. Esquirol, one of the French psychiatrists who started the revolution that changed the ancient (an cruel) view of the mental diseases, spent several hours at night observing how his patients behaved during sleep and concluded that their movements while asleep were related to their dreams, just as Aristotle had found long ago. Eye movements in humans predominate because vision is our main sensory channel and our visual memory is overwhelmingly predominant, resulting in preponderance of visual dreams. The gamma-alpha loop has been shown to play no role in producing the movements that characterize dreaming. Moruzzi G. The sleep-wakefulness cycle. Brain Develop 1994;16:81-91. Webanalyzing dreams. Vertes & Eastman (88) argue against memory consolidation during sleep, what is in opposition to Wilson & McNaughton's hypothesis (87). WebHe says the function of dreams is that by reproducing difficult or unsolved life situations or experiences, the dream aids towards a solving or resolution of the problems. Rapid increase of an immediate early gene messenger RNA in hippocampal neurons by synaptic NMDA receptor activation. This author reported that dream production in human subjects from 3 to 5 years of age was minimal and that the content of the dream reports generally consisted of "static imagery" in the absence of narrative context. 19. Before De Sanctis S. I Sogni e il Sonno. Descending projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedian reticular nucleus of the caudal medulla in the cat. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1966;21:562-77. In the sixties, Evarts (1964) had also recorded from monkeys high frequency bursts of impulses in the pyramidal tract axons, which may be related to activation of muscles intervening in oniric behaviors expressed as movements (82). Mirmiran M. The function of fetal neonatal rapid eye movement sleep. Moruzzi G. Active processes in the brain stem during sleep. 26. Valle AC. In cats, Baust (1971) recorded tachycardia starting 1 or 2 seconds before eye movements appear (38). Vertes RP. Valle AC, Pellarin L, Timo-Iaria C. Oniric patterns in the rat. Attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. Bookshelf When any part of the brain programs a behavior it sends the program to the cerebellum. Milbrandt J. Those that are common to all behaviors (increase in heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to the nervous system and muscles, ventilation, pupil diameter and palmar and plantar electrical conductance) and are intended to increase the supply of blood, oxygen, glucose etc. The lag between tachycardia and eye movements may be related to all the neural processes that are involved in the phases preceding adn succeeding the oniric behavior, including the very identification of the dream content. The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. Doctoral thesis, Federal University of So Paulo, 1995. Some scientists take the position that dreaming probably has no function. Madsen PC, Holm S, Vorstup S, Friberg L, Lassen NA, Wildschiotz LF. These findings do not necessarily mean that such areas are involved in generating dreaming. Moruzzi G. Sleep and instinctive behavior. Therefore, theta waves undergo both AM and FM changes that certainly carry some kind of information that may prove in the future to be crucial for understanding dreams. Timo-Iaria C, yamashita R, Hoshino K, Sousa-Melo A. 44. It would appear that the intense activation of desynchronized sleep must overcome this demodulation and persist into subsequent waking, in order for very vivid dreams to be remembered. Animal experimentation, by making it possible to implant electrodes in any part of the nervous system and to lesion and stimulate (electrically or chemically) also any nucleus or pathway, has been of the utmost relevance for the understanding of the mechanisms causing not only sleep but also the manifestations of dreaming. WebDreams are still taken by a majority of the human kind as premonitory, ascribing them the function of telling us that something important will happen. Not only theta waves do occur in the cerebellar cortex during desynchronized sleep but also spindles and delta waves are found in this organ in synchronized sleep, just as in neocortical areas. Several authors also quantified the kinds of dreams as related to their sensory content. Front Neurol. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. San Diego, 1973. WebDream theories developed by Freud suggest that dreams are psychological, revealing hidden urges, for example. 7. Heart rate decreases down to nearly 150 bpm 1 or 2 seconds following the cessation of eye movements. & Bertini, M. Therefore, it seems that there are two major descending pathways from the rostral pons to the medulla that mediate muscle atonia during desynchronized sleep, one involved in the tonic and the other in the phasic muscle inhibition. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:877-901. Recently a more acceptable evidence in favor of the consolidation hypothesis arises from the study of a gene involved in neuronal activation This gene protein, zif-268 (98), binds to a specific DNA molecule present in the promoters of a variety of genes expressed in the nervous system (99) and its up-regulation is thought to initiate a program of gene regulation leading to neuronal plasticity (100). 101. A related point of view was put forward by Krueger & Obal (1993), who proposed that, on the basis of use-dependent synaptic stabilization, the neuronal assembly not activated during wakefulness will be activated during sleep, to prevent it from atrophy (117). For instance, zif-268 has been shown to induce the expression of a synapse-specific protein, synapsin II (101), and has been linked to the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation (102,103) and other plasticity phenomena. 70. 42. When they sleep, fishes keep quiet, with no apparent movements, and then they can be easily fished with a hand.". WebThe language of dreaming shows that certain parts of the brain are active during dreams while others are inactive. Now, the recent advent of deep neural networks (DNNs) has finally provided the novel conceptual framework within which to understand 15. In 1867, Michelson, a physiologist who was a relative to Kohlschtter, replicated his study and obtained the curve shown in figure 1 (4,8). 39. Stimulus response theory of dream: The stimulus response theory which existed prior to Freud is based upon the associationistic stimulus response view. This theory stresses the relationship between brain changes during sleep and changes in perceptual efficiency. Some disturbing stimuli force activity into one portion of the cerebral cortex. Proposed by Harvard psychiatrists J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley in 1977, the theory posits that dreams are your brains attempts to make sense of random patterns of firing neurons while you slumber. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. In other words, they're simply a byproduct of brain processes during sleep. As mentioned above, Plato, preceding by twenty four centuries one of the dogmas of psychoanalysis, believed that "forbidden" dreams, such as incestuous or criminal dreams, were only a way of doing incestual sex or killing someone without punishment. Candia et al. In 1963 we found that cholinergic stimulation of a descending pathway (within Nauta's limbic-mesencephalic system) causes sleep (33). Intermediate state of sleep in the cat. Arch Ital Biol 1965;103:25-44. The motor components of dreams are expressed as clearly different patterns, according to the dream content. In 1999, Ribeiro et al., assaying zif-268 expression in control rats and in rats subjected to a rich environment training, found that in control animals this gene protein generally decreased, mainly in the cerebral cortex, from wakefulness to synchronized sleep and from synchronized to desynchronized sleep (109). During wakefulness theta waves consistently exhibit a lesser voltage and are less regular than during desynchronized sleep, what makes it easy to tell wakefulness from desynchronized sleep from the shear inspection of the electro-oscillograms (21,30,31,125). 81. In humans it has been shown that not only EEG desynchronization but also increase in vegetative functions, such as heart rate and ventilation (27), accompany mental activity. Freuds wish-fulfillment. Perspective of Motor Behavior and its Neural Basis. Physiological-functioning theor y was supported in a 2009 paper written by J. Allan Arch Ital Biol 1969;107:175-216. Thermoregulation is impaired in desynchronized sleep (64) but it is unlikely that body temperature changes due to dreaming activity, inasmuch as variations of temperature are slow while dreaming is a fast pace phenomenon. De Sanctis, whose main research on sleep was the incorporation of sensory stimulation into dreams, states in his book that "by measuring the pulse and observing the movements in humans and other animals during sleep it is possible to detect the occurrence of dreaming and sometimes even to guess the dream content". Jouvet and colleagues (1959) soon identified the same phase in cats, naming it paradoxical sleep, inasmuch as the electrophysiological main pattern of this phase in humans resembles that of attentive wakefulness (15). Problems with Physiological function Theory This does Important dream theories are Freud's interpretation of dreams, Mori D, Shik ML, yagodnitsyn AS. Figure 6 shows an increase in heart rate from 150 bpm to 180 bpm (the latter is the normal heart rate during resting wakefulness in this species), coinciding with the peak of eye movements. 13. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The caudalmost portion of this system (then labeled descending hypnogenic cholinergic) comprises the ventral and dorsal Gudden's nuclei, whose stimulation with carbachol triggered sleep in nearly 20 seconds. The command character of theta waves is probably the reason why such potentials occur almost simultaneously in different brain structures. Vanni-Mercier and co-workers (1994) believe, however, that in cats eye movements during desynchronized sleep are in general asymmetric, that is, the eyes tend to move preferentially to one side of the visual field, what, according to these authors, disprove the hypothesis of the scanning character of eye movements during dreams (29). Aristotle (1), who had carefully observed several animal species while asleep, noticed that movements of several of their body parts were quite similar to those performed by humans during dreaming. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. 10. At the end of the 19th century several authors published on oniric activity. It is likely that even strong stimuli may be ineffective in producing an arousal during sleep if they are trivial, whereas light stimulation containing relevant information may be highly efficient. Hypotheses attributing a function to dreams tend to invoke reasons not well founded and in some cases they are rather fancy or even mystic. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:793-842. What is the When the rat moves the head, for example (which may indicate a vestibular dream), heart rate goes up and may be as high as 330 bpm, similar to that occurring during attentive behavior. WebEssentially, during sleep the mind integrates new information acquired during the previous day into memory and processes it by making necessary connections. By comparing the program with the peripheral information, that tells it how the behavior is evolving, the cerebellum produces corrections, so that the execution can match the program. In cats, cortical electro-oscillograms are also desynchronized but in the hippocampus theta waves (that will be later described) predominate. Gassel MM, Marchiafava PL, Pompeiano O. Karger, Basel, 1997:65-76. It is interesting that the representation of animals in dreams of infants is quite conspicuous. Solms M. Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. The American psychologist Mary Whiton Calkins published in 1893 an important, although entirely unkwnown, article under the title Statistics of Dreams, wherein she introduced the technique of arousing people when they moved parts of the body during sleep and asking them to report their dreams (4,7). Muscle atonia during desynchronized sleep is, as stated above, generated in the alpha-coeruleus nucleus and involves both direct and indirect pathways that inhibit the motoneurons. Buchsbaum MS, Gillin JC, Wu J, Hazlett E, Sicotte N, Dupont RM, Bunney WE. The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. 65. Raven Press, New york 1981:405-429. This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. 107. Simes CA, Valle AC, Timo-Iaria C. 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